MBA英语联考的变化：
MBA英语联考试题越来越难！
原因：考生年轻化，英语水平高；
考生反映考题难的意见没有反映到考试指导委员会。
2002年全国英语MBA联考平均57分，2003年全国英语MBA联考评卷45分。
个人预测：
2004年MBA英语联考能稍容易一些。
分析：报考MBA人数下降的原因
命题方式：
阅读理解采用新旧结合的方式，一本书上采用一道题，估计辅导老师、学生没有这种材料。
新：市场上没有这类的参考书，参考书上没有这类文章；
旧：十年前的教材、教参。
阅读材料内容包括：商务、心理学、哲学、历史学。
考试变化:MBA考试与GRE考试不同，MBA每年都出新试题，打破考生摸索的规律。
例：pure：纯净的 purify：使净化 purification：净化
2002年考题：如何看待失败；
2003年考题：财富与健康
讲评2003年MBA入学统一考试英语试卷
建议：英语应及早准备，要朗读单词、句型，有助于提高听力。
Section I Listening Comprehension （20 points）
Part A （5 points）
1.1876
2.1981
3.textiles
4.19,137
5.concerts
Part B (5 points)
6.(the couple) themselves
7.constructively
8.a qualified psychologist
9.good intentions
10.absence
Part C (10points)
11.D　12.A　13.D　14.B　15.C　16.B　17.B　18.C　19.A　20.D

Section ii Vocabulary and Structure (10 points)
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET 1 with a pencil.
B√21. Long long ago, most foresters have been men, but today, a number of women this field is climbing.
A. registering B. pursuing C. devoting D. engaging
forester：根据forest变出来的，林务员，森林人，伐木员；
forest：森林
此题考词汇，建议：不要把每一词都翻译为汉语。
A. registering 登记、记录、注册、显出、显露 register letter
B. pursuing：追求、追赶 、进行、从事 、从事某项工作
C. devoting ：把…献给 …；把 …专门用于 …
D. engaging：表示从事某项工作 engaging in；
engaging作及物动词后面跟代词作宾语，不能跟this field
C√22. The banknotes which had fooled many bank tellers were discovered to be
A. artificial B. genuine C. counterfeit D. faulty
A. artificial：假的；
多用于：假花 artificial flower 人造革 artificial leather
人工智能 artificial intelligence 人造卫星 artificial satellite
tellers：本句话为会计、出纳
C. counterfeit ：伪造的货币
假的钻石：counterfeit diamond
D. faulty：有缺点、有错误、不完善
C√23. Without a whole hearted to a keen forward-looking vision and a deep insight, you cannot be a leader.
A. determination B. resolution C. commitment D. obligation
A. determination：决心坚定、果断 ；决定
B. resolution ：1、决心、决定 ；2、法院的判决；3、问题的解答
C. commitment ：托付、交托、承诺、承担、献身、介入、信奉、支持
D. obligation：义务、责任
D√24. All transactions are strictly , and we never sell, rent or trade any customer's name.
A. considerable B. confident C. considerate D. confidential
A. considerable ：相当的、可观的
B. confident ：自信、有信心的
C. considerate ：考虑周到、体贴入微
considerable：相当大(或多)的, 值得考虑的, 相当可观的
注意：一定要背单词、词汇是基础.
D. confidential：秘密的、机密的
B√25. Big businesses enjoy certain that smaller ones do not have.
A. transactions B. privileges C. subsidies D. substitutes
ones替代了businesses
smaller ones = smaller businesses
smaller修饰ones
A. transactions：交易
B. privileges ：特权、优惠
C. subsidies ：补贴、失业补贴
D. substitutes：替代物、替代品
C√26. Your kindness in giving to the consideration of the above problem will be highly appreciated.
A. importance B. advantage C. priority D. authority
A. importance：重要的
B. advantage：优点 、优势
C. priority：优先、优先权
D. authority ：权威、当局
D√27. The border incident led to the two countries their diplomatic relations.
A. breaking out B. breaking in C. breaking through D. breaking off
A. break out：爆发
The war of Iraq break out on March twenty.
B. break in：1、闯到别人家中 2、插话
The thief broke in through the bedroom window.
C. break through ：突破、克服、挣脱而除
D. break off ：中断、突然停止
B√28. I meant to sound confident at the interview but I' m afraid I as self-assertive.
A. got in B. got over C. got off D. got out
meant：不是意味着的意思
I meant no harm.
afraid：恐怕；afraid后面表达不太好的意思.
A. got in：收获、庄稼收获
B. got over ：1、克服困难 2、给人一种印象
C. got off ： 下火车、汽车；离开
D. got out ：从小汽车出来、逃跑、泄露
A√29. John planned to take part in the competition but had to on account of the car accident.
A. drop out B. hold out C. get out D. run out
注意：but 转折词前后表达的意思相反。
A. drop out ：退学、辍学
B. hold out ：伸出、坚持
C. get out ：出去，离开、逃脱
D. run out ：用完了
C√30. He doesn't work but he gets a good from his investment.
A. subsidy B. income C. earning D. salary
A. subsidy ：补贴、失业补贴
B. income ：好的收入
C. earning ：赚钱、收益、投资赚的钱
D. salary：薪水
工资的表述：
Salary：年薪 (白领)
Wage(s)：周薪 (蓝领) = weekly pay
Pay：总称，计时工资
B√31. can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.
A. Anybody B. Nobody C. Somebody D. Everybody
一般来说：与but连用的不定代词否定的居多。
Everybody:所有人
Anybody：任何人
Somebody：某一个人
Nobody:无人，没有任何人No one
science fiction:科幻小说
fiction：小说总称；
novel：指具体的小说
B√32. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew thay the assertion about economic recovery just around the corner was untrue.
A. was B. being C. would be D. to be
注意：an eye：不表示一只眼睛
keep an eye on him：请注意监督他
首先排除A、C，was与would be都是动词谓语，句中的that后面已经有了动词所以不用在填谓语。
assertion后面有一个定语(about介词短语作定语)，economic recovery后面需要一个非谓语形式的动词。
独立主格分词结构：此句的主格economic recovery， being 、to be为表语
being：表示一个状态
to be：表示将来
economic recovery可以作介词about的宾语，宾语后面跟being，being后面跟 just around corner。
例：Her mother ______ ill, she went home.
A. was B. being B√
两句话之间如用"；"连接或用and连接可用was。
As her mother was ill, she went home.
Being独立主格分词结构表示回家的原因。
D√33. Oceans continually lose by evaporating much of the river water into them.
A. to constantly flow B. be constantly flowing
C. constantly flows D. constantly flowing
evaporate：蒸发（超纲词）
lose的宾语是much，river water流到海洋里面
A. to constantly flow
B. be constantly flowing ：错误
C. constantly flows：把river water作主语，第三人称单述动词加s，但river water不能作主语
D. constantly flowing
river water是of的宾语，后面没有跟定语从句，排除选项B、C。
D. constantly flowing ：表示一般性的动作
A. to constantly flow：表示动作将要发生
注意：英文中代词的用法
it , its
they, them, their
名词不重复同一个词，与汉语不同，要注意以上单词代替前面的哪个名词。
例：工业学大庆，举大庆的旗，走大庆的路，办大庆的企业。
在英文中用its代替大庆。
注意：
they, them, their：指最靠近的复述名词
it：指最靠近的单述名词，如果最靠近的名词不合适向前面找一个。
into them:指 much of the river water constantly flowing into oceans .
Oceans continually lose much of the river water by evaporating .
by:表示手段

A√34. The result has turned still worse than it .
A. would otherwise have been B. would be otherwise
C. had otherwise been D. has otherwise been
首先排除选项C、D，没有表现虚拟的形式
A. would otherwise have been ：前面用完成形式has turned，后面也用完成形式
D√35. There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.
A. much more than B. no more than
C. no less than D. any more than
A. much more than：不能正确连接句子的意思
B. no more than ：句子中有no后面不能再用no
C. no less than ：不能正确连接句子的意思
D. any more than ：
注意：否定词 no reason，后面不能再用否定，排除选项B、C。
A√36. He told us how he dealt with the self-interest of different countries to bring them into a kind of international accord. everyone seemed to benefit.
A. where B. what C. that D. which
accord：相当于agreement协议（超纲词）
A. where：引导的从句修饰前面的地点
B. what ：what从句
C. that ：定语从句
D. which：定语从句
everyone seemed to benefit from something
排除选项B、C、D
where ：修饰accord
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成
where：意志、决心
a way：有办法
建议：背单词要记一些简单的句子

B. √37. We hope the measures to control prices taken by the government will succeed.
A. when B. as C. since D. after
taken：修饰measures，不是修饰prices 。
as taken省略 as they are taken
用when指 政府还没采取措施，当政府采取的这些措施，与will succeed联系不上。
用as表示政府已经采取措施，正如政府采取的这些措施。√
A√38. The costs of distribution and sales make up a large part of prices that .
A. all products are paid for B. are paid for all products
C. all products paid D. for which all products paid
首先排除选项D
句中已经有了that再用 for which不能连起来
排除选项C：
product应作主语
若B. are paid for all products正确，
此句话为：The price is paid for the product.（语法正确，但不是 idiomatic English）
例：her mother being ill, she went home.
建议：首先复习大学的英文课本
例：I paid driver quickly.
I为主语,quickly副词作状语。
注意：动词的主语是人还是物。
例：English is interesting.（ 此句主语为物）
I am interested in English.（ 此句主语为人）
moved , touched 用人作主语
moving, touching 用物作主语
A. all products are paid for
B. are paid for all products 表达意思不同
D √39. So quickly are science and technology advancing is a possibility today may be a reality tomorrow.
A. that B. what C. that which D. that what
首先排除选项B没有 that
so...that：that在从句中不能当主语,不能当介词宾语.排除选项A
may be a reality tomorrow需要一个主语，主语要由 what引导，what is a possibility today 整个从句作主语，may be 为动词宾语，a reality tomorrow为.表语。
例：what he said ___ right
A. is √ B. are
√40. It is still Richard's ambition to study medicine , someday, to make a real contribution to the field of science.
A. and B. also C. but D. or
例：You are a student , I am also a student.
You are a student , I am a student too.
A. and连接两个不定式短语。
记单词的三要素：
association：要会联想，同义词、反义词要会联想。
例：pure , purify, purification
repetition: 重复。可以采用朗读的方式，多些常用单词。
concentration：看书、学习要集中精神。
现在的竞争是意志与毅力的竞争！毅力更为重要，是非智力因素。
repetition:要死记硬背，学英文要先"死"后"活"。
例：I am an American at that time.
此句话中的am不应改为was，应改为became.
例：Combination
该单词中的i正确发音为〔i〕，不〔ai〕

Section Ⅲ Cloze (5 points)
Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A,B,C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1.

Each year, hundreds of thousands of people die form heart attack, a leading cause of death. In the Landmark Physicians' Health Study at Harvard University in the United States in the late 1980s, a research team led by Dr. Heinekens studied 22, 701 healthy male physicians, half of whom were randomly 41 to take an aspirin every other day while the others took placebos (安慰剂). After the participants had been 42 for an average of five years, the doctors in the aspirin group were found to have suffered percent fewer first heart attacks. 43 ,a recent international study indicates that aspirin can be beneficial for those people with a history of coronary artery(冠动脉)bypass surgery, 44 of their sex, age or whether they have high blood pressure or diabetes.
41. A. expected B. demanded C. assigned D. advised
42. A. followed B. examined C. monitored D. experienced
43. A. Meanwhile B. Above all C. However D. In addition
44. A. in spite B. regardless C. careless D. whatever
注意：hundred 与 thousand后面加s的话，后面一定跟of。
例：三百个学生three hundred students.
三千个学生three thousand students.
hundreds of：成百的 thousand of：成千的
die form:后面跟病的名字
非限定性定语从句用which开头，不能用that.
Physician：内科医生
注意：讲年代的时候前面一定要加the,中国的朝代前面要加the.
the late 1980s; the early 1980s, in the mid 1980s.
The Tang dynasty. The Qing dynasty.
如果不用定语从句，此句话为 half of them......,them指最靠近的复述名词physicians。
根据41题应填select:选择 demanded：要求；
advised：随意、抽样、选样； assign：选派
41、C√
participants：参加，由participation与participator而来
A. followed：跟踪　　　　
B. examined：检查
C. monitored ：监听 　　　
D. experienced：经历
42.C√

bypass surgery：分流手术

A. Meanwhile ： 同时
B. Above all ：总结性
C. However ：however的逻辑意思与前面相反
D. In addition：另外、此外
43.D√
high blood pressure:高血压
例：fire mountain mouth (错误)
火山口
volcano crater(正确)
例:rock oil (错误)
石油
petroleum(正确)
A. in spite of:尽管、不管、不顾 　 B. regardless :不管、不顾 、不分 　　
C. careless 　　 　　　　　　　　D. whatever：后面不能跟of;不管任何
44.B√

例：He works hard in spite of his old age ．
　　in spite of：尽管
　　regardless of：不分性别、不分年龄
注意：regardless of近年来经常考．
According to a report by the American Heart Association. Doctors should consider prescribing 45 aspirin for middle-aged people with a family history of, or 46 for, heart disease.(Risk factors include smoking, being more than 20 percent overweight, high blood pressure and lack of exercise.)
45. A. low-does B. high-amount C. more D. right
46. A. ready 　 B. at risk 　 C. maybe D. in danger
A. low-does ：低剂量；does为剂量
B. high-amount ：很多
C. more：
D. right：right后面若有does或amount则对．
注意：在完性填空中要注意联系上下文的逻辑意思．
of,……for, 后面合用了一个宾语heart disease．
A. ready for ：准备 　
B. at risk for： 有风险
C. maybe for：大概
D. in danger：后面跟of(排除)
46B√
overweight：超重
Aspirin is also a lifesaver during heart attacks. Paramedics now give it routinely, and experts urge anyone with chest pain, 47 if it spreads to the neck, shoulder or an arm, or is accompanied by sweating, nausea(恶心), light/headedness and breathing difficulty to chew and 48 an aspirin tablet immediately.
47. A. naturally B. apparently C. especially D. furthermore
48. A. eat B. swallow C. digest D. assimilate
Aspirin is also a lifesaver during heart attacks.在写作中被称Topic sentence.
Aspirin is also a lifesaver during heart attacks.
注意： 句中also的位置，联系上边的填空．
paramedics:护理人员　　　routinely：日常惯例一样的做事情
chest：胸部　　　　　　　pain：疼痛
根据47题填空后面是if从句，选择especially.
47、Ｃ√

it spreads to the neck。
it指最靠近的单述名词chest pain．
accompanied：伴随着　　　chew ：咀爵
例：chewing gum:口香糖
A. eat ：吃
B. swallow ：吞咽
C. digest ：消化
D. assimilate：同化
48、B√
When taking aspirin for heart attack, 49 the plain, uncoated variety. For even faster absorption, crush and mix with a little water. Speed of absorption is critical because most heart attack deaths occur 50 the first few hours after chest pain strikes.
49. A. choose B. use C. hold out D. pick out
50. A. for B. along C. within D. except
49、B √
variety：表示一种
coat:外套
coated：套上外套的，药片的糖衣
uncoated：无糖衣
absorption：由动词absorb而来，名词：absorption
crush:辗碎
critical：关键
50、C√
请同学们下课注意看翻译与阅读理解．
Section IV Reading Comprehension (40 points)

Part A
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are for choices marked A,B,C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET1 whit a pencil.

Questions 51 to 54 are based on the following passage:
A little more than a century ago, Michael Faraday, the noted British physicist, managed to gain audience with a group of high government officials, to demonstrate an electro-chemical principle, in the hope of gaining support for his work.

noted -- famous physicist : 物理学家
阅读技巧：noted修饰British physicist, 懂得名词的意义即可。

After observing the demonstrations closely, one of the officials remarked bluntly, "It's a fascinating demonstration, young man, but just what practical application will come of this?"

demonstration : 演示、示范 bluntly ：坦率地，直率地(超纲词)
principle ：原则、法则

"I don't know," replied Faraday, "but I do know that 100 years from now you'll be taxing them."

do 强调know

From the demonstration of a principle to the marketing of products derived from that principle is often a long, involved series of steps. The speed and effectiveness with which these steps art taken are closely related to the history of management, the art of getting things done. Just as management applies to the wonders that have evolved from Faraday and other inventors, so it applied some 4,000 years ago to the working of the great Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms… to Hannibal's remarkable feat of crossing the Alps in 218 B.C. with 90,000 foot soldiers, 12,000 horsemen and a "conveyor belt" of 40 elephants…or to the early Christian Church, with its world-shaking concepts of individual freedom and equality.

from ... to ... :从....到....

management 后面的逗号，为management 下了一个定义--the art of getting things done
conveyor belt：传送带 so - called

These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems of authority, divisions of labor, discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management today. But the real impetus to management as an emerging profession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes; among them John Kay's flying Shuttle in 1733. James Hargrove's' Spinning Jenny in 1770, Samuel Compton's Mule Spinner in 1779 and Edmund Cartwright's Power Loom in 1785.

involve:卷入 divisions of labor：劳动分工 discipline：激烈

unity of command：指挥统一 clarity of direction：方向明确
impetus：推动力

profession professional professional people
it 指代 Industrial Revolution trigger: (v)发动、引发

51. The anecdote about Michael Faraday indicates that
A. politicians tax everything
B. people are skeptical about the values of pure research
C. government should support scientists
D. he was rejected by his government

anecdote :轶事、奇闻 skeptical：怀疑
答案为：B

52. Management is defined as
A. the creator of the Industrial Revolution
B. supervising subordinates
C. the art of getting things done
D. an emerging profession

define (v) 下定义 definition (n) 定义、解说
答案为：C

53. Management came into its own
A. in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian import and export firms
B. in Hannibal's famous trip across the Alps
C. in the development of early Christian Church
D. in the eighteenth century

But the real impetus to management as an emerging profession was the Industrial Revolution. Originating in 18-century England, it was triggered by a series of classic inventions and new processes; among them John Kay's flying Shuttle in 1733.
答案为：D

ˉ54. A problem of management NOT mentioned in this passage is
A. the problem of command
B. division of labor
C. control by authority
D. competition

These ancient innovators were deeply involved in the problems(A) of authority(C), divisions of labor(B), discipline, unity of command, clarity of direction and the other basic factors that are so meaningful to management today. 答案为：D

Questions 55 to 58 are based on the following passage:

By education, I mean the influence of the environment upon the individual to produce a permanent change in the habits of behavior, of thought and of attitude. It is in being thus susceptible(容易受影响的)to the environment that man differs from the animals, and the higher animals from the lower. The lower animals are influenced by the environment but not in the direction of changing their habits. Their instinctive responses are few and fixed by heredity(遗传；继承). When transferred to an unnatural situation, such an animal is led astray by its instincts. Thus the "ant-lion" whose instinct implies it to bore into loose sand by pushing backwards with abdomen(腹部)，goes backwards on a plate of glass as soon as danger threatens, and endeavors, with the utmost exertions to bore into it . It knows no other mode of flight, "or if such a lonely animal is engaged upon a chain of actions and is interrupted, it either goes on vainly with the remaining actions(as useless as cultivating an unsown field)or dies in helpless inactivity". Thus a net-making spider which digs a burrow and rims it with a bastion(堡垒)of gravel and bits of wood, when removed from a half finished home, will not begin again, though it will continue another burrow, even one made with a pencil.

man前面没有冠词a、the时，表示mankind 、human being
例：This is book. (错误) 正确：This is a book.
省略句要注意：the higher animals differ from the lower animals
instinctive response：本能反应 fixed ：固定的
transferred：转移的、调动的
led : lead sb astray : 把某人引入歧途
bore ：打洞、钻孔 endeavor ：努力
flight : 1) fly(ing) 航班、飞行 2) flee(v) 逃跑
mode : 模式 a chain of actions：一连串的行动
either ... or .. : 既...又... cultivating :耕作
spider：蜘蛛
when (it is) remove :括号内是省略的
Advance in the scale of evolution along such lines as these could only be made by the emergence of creatures with more and more complicated instincts. Such beings we know in the ants and spiders. But another line of advance was destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility of which we do not see the end perhaps even in man. Habits, instead of being born ready-made(when they are called instincts and not habits at all )were left more and more to the formative influence of the environment, of which the most important factor was the parent who now cared for the young animal during a period of infancy in which vaguer instincts than those of the insects were molded to suit surroundings which might be considerably changed without harm.

evolution ：进化
Such beings we know :倒装句 destine : 注定
open out :展现 formative ：有助于形成
infancy ：幼年 vaguer : 模糊
mold --- mould (v) Br. E.

This means, one might at first imagine, that gradually heredity becomes less and environment more important. But this is hardly the truth and certainly not the whole truth. For although fixed automatic responses like those of the insect-like creatures are no longer inherited, although selection for purification of that sort is no longer going on, yet selection for educability is very definitely still of importance. The ability to acquire habits can be conceivably inherited just as much as can definite re responses to narrow situations. Besides, since a mechanism---is now, for the first time, created by which the individual (in contradiction to the species) can be fitted to the environment, the latter becomes, in another sense, less not more important. And finally, less not the higher animals who possess the power of changing their environment by engineering feats and the like, a power possessed to some extent even by the beaver (海狸),and preeminently(卓越地)by man. Environment and heredity are in no case exclusive but5 always-supplementary factors.

a the truth and ... the whole truth
bFor although .... : For 是连接副词
narrow ：在此文章中的意思是很危险的 mechanism ：机制(超纲词)
created ：创建 individual ：个体
species ：物种 individualism : 个体(人)主义
engineering feats : 工程技术 exclusive:排斥
always-supplementary：相辅相成的

55. Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage?
A. The Evolution of Insects
B. Environment and Heredity
C. Education: The Influence of the Environment
D. The Instincts of Animals
Environment and heredity are in no case exclusive but5 always-supplementary factors.
答案为：B

56. What can be inferred from the example of the ant-lion in the first paragraph?
A. Instincts of animals can lead to unreasonable reactions in strange situations.
B. When it is engaged in a chain actions it cannot be interrupted.
C. Environment and heredity are two supplementary factors in the evolution of insects.
D. Along the lines of evolution heredity becomes less and environment more important.
Thus the "ant-lion" whose instinct implies it to bore into loose sand by pushing backwards with abdomen(腹部)，goes backwards on a plate of glass as soon as danger threatens, and endeavors, with the utmost exertions to bore into it .
答案为：B

57. Based on the example provided in the passage, we can tell that when a spider is removed to a new position where half of a net has been made, it will probably.
A. begin a completely new net
B. destroy the half-net
C. spin the test of the net
D. stay away from the net
首先排除选项B、D
Thus a net-making spider which digs a burrow and rims it with a bastion(堡垒)of gravel and bits of wood, when removed from a half finished home, will not begin again, though it will continue another burrow, even one made with a pencil.

从而排除选项A 答案为：C

58. Which of the following is true about habits according to the passage?
A. They are natural endowments to living creatures
B. They are more important than instincts to all animals
C. They are subject to the formative influence of the environment.
D. They are destined to open out a much more far-reaching possibility in the evolution of human beings.
endowment: 天资(超纲词) 选项A 被排除
选项B中的all (概括一切)太绝对，往往不正确 h例：always ≠often never only
选项C中的subject 为形容词 选项D不太正确
答案为：C

Questions 59 to 62 are based on the following passage:

One of the saddest things about the period in which we live is the growing estrangement(疏远)between America and Europe. This may be a surprising discovery to those who are over impressed by the speed with which turbojets can hop from New York to Paris. But to anyone who is aware of what America once meant to English libertarian poets and philosophers, to the young Ibises bitterly excoriating(痛斥)European royalty for the murder of Lincoln, to Italian novelists and poets translating the nineteenth century American classics as a demonstration against Fascism, there is something particularly disquieting in the way that the European Left, historically "pro-American" because it identified America with expansive democracy, now punishes America with Europe's lack of hope in the future.

turbojet : 喷气式飞机
libertarian：持自由论的 poet ：诗人
bitterly ：激烈的 royalty ：皇室
European Left ：欧洲左派 Rightist : 右派分子
pro-American ：亲美 anti-American :反美
punish:原意：惩罚 在本文中的意思为：使....头疼、伤脑筋
ìWhat (引导名词从句)= the thing(s) which

Although America has obviously not fulfilled the visionary hope entertained for it in the romantic heyday, Americans have, until recently, thought of themselves as an idea, a " proposition"(in Lincoln's word) set up for the enlightenment and the improvement of mankind. Officially, we live by our original principles; we insist on this boastfully and even inhumanly. And it is precisely this steadfastness to principle that irks(使苦恼，使厌烦) Europeans who under so many pressures have had to shift and to change, to compromise and to retreat.

fulfill ：实现 visionary : 幻想的、梦想的(超纲词)
c阅读技巧：抓住fulfill和hope，理解这两个词的含义即可
until 例：He is single until now . 英文的含义是已经结婚
until--前面的动作已经结束，相反的动作已经开始
例：He is single up to now. 他到现在还没有结婚
例：He went to school until 12.
例：He did not go to school until 12.
?until recently until 前面的动作到recently 结束，recently 相反的动作开始
例：He paid a price. 付出代价 例：The price is paid.
live by ：以...为生 boastful :自豪地
insist on : 坚持 （当时） persist in ：坚持、固执于（长期）

μabceh?{]ù?òó???ì÷ù

Historically, the obstinacy of America's faith in "principles" has been staggering -----the sacrament(神圣) of the Constitution, the legacy of the Founding Fathers, the moral rightness of all our policies, the invincibility of our faith in the equality and perfectibility of man. From the European point of view, there is something impossibly romantic, visionary, and perfectibility of man. From the European point of view, there is something impossibly romantic, visionary, and finally outrageous about an attachment to political formulas that arose even before a European revolutionary democracy was born of the French Revolution, and that have survived all the socialist utopias and internationals. Americans honestly insist on the equality of men even when they deny this equality in practice; they hold fast to romantic doctrines of perfectibility even when such doctrines contradict their actual or their formal faith---- whether it be as scientists or as orthodox Christians.

obstinacy: 顽固、倔强(主语) stagger :摇晃(超纲词)
Constitution：宪法 Founding Fathers ：开国元勋
moral ：道德的 perfectibility(n.完全性) - perfect
例：Your English is perfect. perfectible(adj) :可以变的完美（完善）
political formula：政治方案、政治准则 arose:兴起、引发
例：All man are created equal. 人人生来平等。
socialist utopia:社会主义乌托邦
hold fast to：坚持 to 为介词，不是动词不定式
doctrine ：主义、信条
orthodox ：正统的 Orthodox : 东正教

It is fact that while Americans as a people are notoriously empirical. Pragmatic, and unintellectual, they live their lives against a background of unalterable national shibboleths(陈旧的语句). The same abundance of theory that allowed Walt Whitman to fill out his poetry with philosophical road signs of American optimism allows a president to make pious references to God as an American tradition-----references which, despite their somewhat mechanical quality, are not only sincere but which, to most Americans, express the reality of America.
empirical：经验主义 pragmatic：实用主义 unintellectual : 不理性的
notoriously：臭名昭著的 反义词 famous 著名的
shibboleths陈旧的语句或者过时的教育
fill out a form ：填写表格 或者 fill in a form
optimism :乐观主义 pessimism :悲观主义
make references(refer) to :...提到... pious：虔诚的
in spite of + 短语(词) despite + 从句
?解题技巧：如果问题是关于全文的主要思想，对文章应该有个概括地了解
如果问题是关于文章的某一段或者一句话，可以根据题目到文章里找答案

59. The writer uses the example of Ibises and others to maintain that
A. Europeans do not have the proper appreciation of the United States
B. Europeans have made a notable shift in attitude toward the United States
C. American culture has been rediscovered by Europeans
D. Europeans no longer feel that there should be an exchange of ideas with Americans
But to anyone who is aware of what America once meant to English libertarian poets and philosophers, to the young Ibises bitterly excoriating(痛斥)European royalty for the murder of Lincoln, to Italian novelists and poets translating the nineteenth century American classics as a demonstration against Fascism, there is something particularly disquieting in the way that the European Left, historically "pro-American" because it identified America with expansive democracy, now punishes America with Europe's lack of hope in the future.
Europeans who under so many pressures have had to shift and to change, to compromise and to retreat.
答案为：B

60. The writer states that, until recently, Americans thought of their country as a
A. source of enlightenment
B. leader in technological progress
C. recipient of European heritage
D. peacemaker
Americans have, until recently, thought of themselves as an idea, a " proposition"(in Lincoln's word) set up for the enlightenment and the improvement of mankind.
选项B、C、D文章中都没有提到 recipient :接受者
答案为：A

61. The author states that American democracy in practice sometimes is in conflict with
A. theoretical notions of equality
B. other political systems
C. Europe's best interests
D. Both A and B
Americans honestly insist on the equality of men even when they deny this equality in practice;
in conflict with ：与...相冲突 notions = ideas
答案为：A

62. Which of the following was NOT mentioned by the author as an American principle?
A. Equality of man.
B. Moral rightness as American policy decisions.
C. Man's capacity to become perfect.
D. The inviolability(不可侵犯)of the individual's integrity.
Historically, the obstinacy of America's faith in "principles" has been staggering -----the sacrament(神圣) of the Constitution, the legacy of the Founding Fathers, the moral rightness of all our policies, the invincibility of our faith in the equality and perfectibility of man.
答案为：D 运用排除法

Questions 63 to 65 are based on the following passage:

The truly incompetent may never know the depths of their own incompetence, a pair of social psychologists said on Thursday.
"We found again and again that people who perform poorly relative to their peers(同等人)tended to think that they did rather well." Justin Kruger, co-author of a study on the subject, said in a telephone interview.
incompetent : 1)不称职的、无能力者 2)弱智
social psychologist：社会心理学家
tend:倾向、趋向 co-author :两个作者之一
co-chairman:双主席之一
Kruger and co-author David Dunning found that when it came to a variety of skills-logical reasoning, grammar, even sense of humor----people who essentially were inept(无能的；愚蠢的)never realized it ,while those who had some ability were self-critical.
It had little to do with innate modesty, Kruger said, but rather with a central paradox: Incompetents lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically. Once they get those skills, they know where they stand, even if that is at the bottom,

skill :技能 logical reasoning ：逻辑推理 sense of humor：幽默感
self-critical：自我批评 innate：天生的
paradox：1)似非而是的论点 2)自相矛盾的话
once：(连接词)表示一但

Americans and Western Europeans especially had an unrealistically sunny assessment of their own capabilities, Dunning said by telephone in a separate interview, while Japanese and Koreans tended to give a reasonable assessment of their performance. In certain areas, such as athletic performance, which can be easily quantified, there is less self-delusion(欺骗),the researchers said. But even in some cases in which the failure should seem obvious, the perpetrator is blithely(愉快地；快活地)unaware of the problem.

Assessment ：评估 sunny:乐观
unrealistically ：不切实际的
quantity：(n)数量 quantify：(v)量化
case：案例
This was especially true in the areas of logical reasoning, where research subjects - students at Cornell University, where the two researchers were based -often rated themselves highly even when they flubbed(搞得一团糟) all questions in a reasoning test.
Later, when the students were instructed in logical reasoning, they scored better on a test but rate themselves lower, having learned what constituted competence in this area.

instruct：上课

Grammar was another area in which objective knowledge was helpful in determining competence, but the more subjective area of humor posed different challenges, the researchers said.
Participants were asked to rate how funny certain jokes were ,and compare their responses with what an expert panel of comedians thought. On average, participants overestimated their sense of humor by about 16 percentage points.

Objective：客观的 subjective：主观的
Posed：提出 comedians：喜剧演员
Overestimate：过高估计 underestimate：过低估计
percent：百分点

This might be thought of as the "above-average effect" , the notion that most Americans would rate themselves as above average, a statistical impossibility.
The researchers also conducted pilot studies of doctors and gun enthusiasts. The doctors overestimated how well they had performed on a test of medical diagnoses and the gun fanciers thought they knew more than they actually did about gun safety.

statistical：数据的、统计的
pilot studies：试点 enthusiast：热心家、热情分子
medical diagnoses：医学诊断

So who should be trusted: The person who admits incompetence of the one who shows confidence? Neither, according to Dunning.
"you can't take them at their word. You've got to take a look at their performance," Dunning added.

Take someone at their word：相信某人说的话

63. Why do incompetent people rarely know they are inept?
A. They are too inept to know what competence is
B. They are not skillful at logical reasoning, grammar, and sense of humor.
C. They lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically.
D. They have some ability to over criticize themselves.

It had little to do with innate modesty, Kruger said, but rather with a central paradox: Incompetents lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically.
答案为：C

64. Which of the following statement is NOT true, according to the passage?
A. Students at Cornell University often rated themselves highly even when they flubbed all questions in a reasoning test.
B. Grammar was an area in which objective knowledge was helpful in determining competence.
C. Participants in the test estimated their sense of humor by about 16 percentage points.
D. Students scored better on a logical reasoning test but rated themselves lower.

选项A This was especially true in the areas of logical reasoning, where research subjects - students at Cornell University, where the two researchers were based -often rated themselves highly even when they flubbed(搞得一团糟) all questions in a reasoning test.
选项B Grammar was another area in which objective knowledge was helpful in determining competence, but the more subjective area of humor posed different challenges, the researchers said.
选项C Participants were asked to rate how funny certain jokes were ,and compare their responses with what an expert panel of comedians thought. On average, participants overestimated their sense of humor by about 16 percentage points. 选项C中没有
选项D正确 所以答案为：C

65. What do you know about "above-average effect" based on the passage?
A. Most Americans assess themselves as above average.
B. American doctors overestimated how well they had performed on a test of medical diagnoses.
C. American gun enthusiasts thought they knew more than they actually did about gun safety.
D. All of the above.
答案为：D
Part B
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then give short answers to the five questions. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET2.
Both in America and Britain there is an eagerness on the part of TV executives to play down the importance of the small screen, except .of course, if the field of selling goods.
This desire to minimize the social impact of TV is perfectly natural. If it could be conclusively proved that the electronic box was a major factor in determining the attitudes and the values of a nation then two awkward questions would have to be answered.
Is it right that a medium that has such influence should be primarily concerned with the provision of entertainment and the advertising of goods?
And an even more embarrassing question people might ask is whether the men now running TV have the authority. The understanding or the intelligence to be in control of such a vital part of the state apparatus.
Because it is disrupting and disturbing life on almost every level in America and Britain, and because it is largely Indulged in by what might be described as the first "telly generation", violence is the activity that has been most frequently linked with the consequences of TV.
There are other even more important trends that might be stimulated or provoked by the program content of TV.
The demoralization of institutions like the army, the church; the contempt for authority, a healthy skepticism and a welcome permissiveness; an over-simplification of complex issues which makes an electorate(选民) impatient with a political process that cannot solve them. How much is TV responsible? And that these trends are helping to change society at a unprecedented rate can hardly be denied.
Because the impact of these changes is relatively long-term and not easily pinpointed. there is a vast depth of unconcern about these developments.
On violence, however, there is an intuitive suspicion that TV might have something to do with it. yet the men running TV have gone to considerable lengths to assure us that we are unduly alarmed about nothing.

66. In order to avoid the repetitions of the word "television", what other nouns does the author use? Please list at least four.
答案为：第一段中的"small screen" ，第二段中的"electronic box"
第三段中的"medium" 第五段中的"telly generation"

67. Can you use another word in this passage to tale the place of "play down "in para.1?
Both in America and Britain there is an eagerness on the part of TV executives to play down the importance of the small screen, except .of course, if the field of selling goods.
答案为：minimize

68. Why are TV executives in America and Britain eager to play down the importance of TV?
the electronic box was a major factor in determining the attitudes and the values of a nation
答案为：Because TV has become a major factor in determining the attitudes and the values of a nation

69. Why do people believe that TV has something to do with increasing violence?
On violence, however, there is an intuitive suspicion that TV might have something to do with it.
答案为：Because there is an intuitive suspicion that TV might have something to do with violence.
70. What is the author's attitude toward the argument over TV's influence?
三种看法：1) He is for the argument.
2) He against the argument.
3) He neutral the argument.
作者观点：He is in favor of criticizing television. 或者 He is for criticizing TV.
Section V Translation (10 points)
Directions: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET2.
Lange, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. (71) But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy's vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and are factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100workers,now employ 60 percent of the workforce and expected to generate half of all new jobs between now and the year 2,000. Some 1.2 million small forms have opened their doors over the past 6 years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own.
Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally .the capital that success requires. (72) Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also. at least for a while, be bookkeepers and receptionists, too. According to Samll Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to disappear in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. (73) Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs.
Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm's health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age .you must tenderly monitor its pulse, in their zeal, to expand. Small business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. (74) They hopefully four more and more into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that means the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save.
Frequent checks of your firm's vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. (75) To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer the new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideas.

(71) But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy's vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and are factories.
译文：但是美国经济的活力依赖于小商店、小餐馆、社区服务以及社区工厂的服务的程度，远比大多数美国人所意识到的大得多。

(72) Midcareer executives(中层管理人员), forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also. at least for a while, be bookkeepers and receptionists, too.
译文：当公司遇到兼并或者改组，中层管理人员不得不离开跨国公司另谋出路，他们可能喜欢自己当老板，但是他们可能忘记了企业家们至少有一段时间也得兼做会计或接待。 (73) Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs.
Credit (v)：归于
译文：大多数企业家的成功在很大程度上是因为他们选择了自己熟悉的行业，其中百分之八十的人此前曾在工作中做过同样的产品或提供过同样的服务。

(74) They hopefully four more and more into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that means the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices.
译文：他们满怀希望的把越来越多的钱注入企业，而不愿承认利润律在逐步降低，这就意味着需要他们有创意的服务和产品的市场已经消失，他们也不愿意承认他们必须裁员并从豪华的办公室里搬出去

(75) To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer the new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot ideas.
译文：你想抓住机遇，就得发现各种信号，如政府新市场的时刻到了，增添新产品或者是推销你的新主意的时刻到了。
76. Directions: In this section, you are asked to write a composition entitled what is More Important, Wealth of Health? Your composition should be based on the outline given below. You composition should be about 120 words. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.
Outline:
1. 有人认为财富比健康重要。
2. 有人认为健康比财富重要。
3. 你的看法。(完)