SECTION Ⅰ LISTENING COMPREHENSION
DIRECTIONS:
THIS SECTION IS DESIGNED TO TEST YOUR ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND
SPOKEN ENGLISH.YOU WILL HEAR A SELECTION OF RECORDED MATERIALS
AND YOU MUST ANSWER THE QUESTIO
NS THAT ACCOMPANY THEM.THERE ARE THREE PARTS IN THIS SECTION,
PART A, PART B AND PART C.
REMEMBER, WHILE YOU ARE DOING THE TEST, YOU SHOULD FIRST
PUT DOWN YOUR ANSWERS IN YOUR TEST BOOKLET.AT THE END OF
THE LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION, YOU WILL HAVE 5 MINUTES
TO TRANSFER ALL YOUR ANSWERS FROM YOUR TEST BOOKLET TO ANSWER
SHEET 1.
NOW LOOK AT PART A IN YOUR TEST BOOKLET.
PART A
DIRECTIONS:
FOR QUESTIONS 15，YOU WILL HEAR A TALK ABOUT BOSTON MUSEUM
OF FINE ARTS.WHILE YOU LISTEN，FILL OUT THE TABLE WITH THE
INFORMATION YOU HAVE HEARD.SOME OF THE INFORMATION HAS BEEN
GIVEN TO YOU IN THE TABLE.WRITE ONLY 1 WORD OR NUMBER IN
EACH NUMBERED BOX.YOU WILL HEAR THE RECORDING TWICE.YOU
NOW HAVE 25 SECONDS TO READ THE TABLE BELOW.(5 POINTS)
BOSTON MUSEUM OF FINE ARTSFOUNDED(YEAR)1870OPENED TO
THE PUBLIC(YEAR)〖〗1MOVED TO THE CURRENT LOCATION(YEAR)1909THE
WEST WING COMPLETED(YEAR)2NUMBER OF DEPARTMENTS9THE MOST
REMARKABLE DEPARTMENT3EXHIBITION SPACE(M2)4APPROXIMATE NUMBER
OF VISITORS／YEAR〖〗800，000PROGRAMS PROVIDEDCLASSESLECTURES5FILMSPART
B
DIRECTIONS:
FOR QUESTIONS 610，YOU WILL HEAR AN INTERVIEW WITH AN
EXPERT ON MARRIAGE PROBLEMS.WHILE YOU LISTEN，COMPLETE THE
SENTENCES OR ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.USE NOT MORE THAN 3 WORDS
FOR EACH ANSWER.YOU WILL HEAR THE RECORDING TWICE.YOU NOW
HAVE 25 SECONDS TO READ THE SENTENCES AND QUESTIONS BELOW.(5
POINTS)
WHAT SHOULD BE THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF HELP FOR A
TROUBLED COUPLE？6
WRITING DOWN A LIST OF PROBLEMS IN THE MARRIAGE
MAY HELP A TROUBLED COUPLE DISCUSS THEM7
WHO SHOULD A COUPLE CONSIDER SERIOUSLY TURNING
TO IF THEY CANT TALK WITH EACH OTHER？8
PRIESTS ARE USUALLY UNSUCCESSFUL IN COUNSELING
TROUBLED COUPLES DESPITE THEIR9
ACCORDING TO THE OLD NOTION，WHAT WILL MAKE
HEARTS GROW FONDER？10
PART C
DIRECTIONS:
YOU WILL HEAR THREE PIECES OF RECORDED MATERIAL.BEFORE
LISTENING TO EACH ONE, YOU WILL HAVE TIME TO READ THE QUESTIONS
RELATED TO IT.WHILE LISTENING, ANSWER EACH QUESTION BY CHOOSING
A，B，C OR D.AFTER LISTENING，YOU WILL HAVE TIME TO CHECK YOUR
ANSWERS.YOU WILL HEAR EACH PIECE ONCE ONLY.(10 POINTS)
QUESTIONS 1113 ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING TALK ABOUT
NAPPING.YOU NOW HAVE 15 SECONDS TO READ QUESTIONS 1113.
11.CHILDREN UNDER FIVE HAVE ABUNDANT ENERGY PARTLY BECAUSE
THEY
［A］SLEEP IN THREE DISTINCT PARTS.
［B］HAVE MANY FIVEMINUTE NAPS.
［C］SLEEP IN ONE LONG BLOCK.
［D］TAKE ONE OR TWO NAPS DAILY.
12.ACCORDING TO THE SPEAKER，THE SLEEP PATTERN OF A BABY
IS DETERMINED BY
［A］ITS GENES.
［B］ITS HABIT.
［C］ITS MENTAL STATE.
［D］ITS PHYSICAL CONDITION.
13.THE TALK SUGGESTS THAT，IF YOU FEEL SLEEPY THROUGH
THE DAY，YOU SHOULD
［A］TAKE SOME REFRESHMENTS.
［B］GO TO BED EARLY.
［C］HAVE A LONG REST.
［D］GIVE IN TO SLEEP.
QUESTIONS 1416 ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INTERVIEW
WITH SHERMAN ALEXIE，AN AMERICAN INDIAN POET.YOU NOW HAVE
15 SECONDS TO READ QUESTIONS 1416.
14.WHY DID SHERMAN ALEXIE ONLY TAKE DAY JOBS？
［A］HE COULD BRING UNFINISHED WORK HOME.
［B］HE MIGHT HAVE TIME TO PURSUE HIS INTERESTS.
［C］HE MIGHT DO SOME EVENING TEACHING.
［D］HE COULD INVEST MORE EMOTION IN HIS FAMILY.
15.WHAT WAS HIS ORIGINAL GOAL AT COLLEGE？
［A］TO TEACH IN HIGH SCHOOL.
［B］TO WRITE HIS OWN BOOKS.
［C］TO BE A MEDICAL DOCTOR.
［D］TO BE A MATHEMATICIAN.
16.WHY DID HE TAKE THE POETRYWRITING CLASS？
［A］TO FOLLOW HIS FATHER.
［B］FOR AN EASY GRADE.
［C］TO CHANGE HIS SPECIALTY.
［D］FOR KNOWLEDGE OF POETRY.
QUESTIONS 1720 ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING TALK ABOUT
PUBLIC SPEAKING.YOU NOW HAVE 20 SECONDS TO READ QUESTIONS
1720.
17.WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT THING IN PUBLIC SPEAKING？
［A］CONFIDENCE.
［B］PREPARATION.
［C］INFORMATIVENESS.
［D］ORGANIZATION.
18.WHAT DOES THE SPEAKER ADVISE US TO DO TO CAPTURE THE
AUDIENCES ATTENTION？
［A］GATHER ABUNDANT DATA.
［B］ORGANIZE THE IDEAS LOGICALLY.
［C］DEVELOP A GREAT OPENING.
［D］SELECT APPROPRIATE MATERIALS.
19.IF YOU DONT START WORKING FOR THE PRESENTATION UNTIL
THE DAY BEFORE，YOU WILL FEEL
［A］UNEASY.
［B］UNCERTAIN.
［C］FRUSTRATED.
［D］DEPRESSED.
20.WHO IS THIS SPEECH MOST PROBABLY MEANT FOR？
［A］THOSE INTERESTED IN THE POWER OF PERSUASION.
［B］THOSE TRYING TO IMPROVE THEIR PUBLIC IMAGES.
［C］THOSE PLANNING TO TAKE UP SOME PUBLIC WORK.
［D］THOSE EAGER TO BECOME EFFECTIVE SPEAKERS.
YOU NOW HAVE 5 MINUTES TO TRANSFER ALL YOUR ANSWERS FROM
YOUR TEST BOOKLET TO ANSWER SHEET 1.SECTIONⅡUSE OF ENGLISH
DIRECTIONS:
READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT.CHOOSE THE BEST WORD(S) FOR EACH
NUMBERED BLANK AND MARK A，B，C OR D ON ANSWER SHEET 1.(10
POINTS)
TEACHERS NEED TO BE AWARE OF THE EMOTIONAL，INTELLECTUAL，AND
PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT YOUNG ADULTS EXPERIENCE.AND THEY ALSO
NEED TO GIVE SERIOUS 21 TO HOW THEY CAN BEST 22 SUCH CHANGES.GROWING
BODIES NEED MOVEMENT AND 23，BUT NOT JUST IN WAYS THAT EMPHASIZE
COMPETITION.24 THEY ARE ADJUSTING TO THEIR NEW BODIES AND
A WHOLE HOST OF NEW INTELLECTUAL AND EMOTIONAL CHALLENGES，TEENAGERS
ARE ESPECIALLY SELFCONSCIOUS AND NEED THE 25 THAT COMES
FROM ACHIEVING SUCCESS AND KNOWING THAT THEIR ACCOMPLISHMENTS
ARE 26 BY OTHERS.HOWEVER，THE TYPICAL TEENAGE LIFESTYLE IS
ALREADY FILLED WITH SO MUCH COMPETITION THAT IT WOULD BE
27 TO PLAN ACTIVITIES IN WHICH THERE ARE MORE WINNERS THAN
LOSERS，28，PUBLISHING NEWSLETTERS WITH MANY STUDENTWRITTEN
BOOK REVIEWS，29 STUDENT ARTWORK，AND SPONSORING BOOK DISCUSSION
CLUBS.A VARIETY OF SMALL CLUBS CAN PROVIDE 30 OPPORTUNITIES
FOR LEADERSHIP，AS WELL AS FOR PRACTICE IN SUCCESSFUL 31
DYNAMICS.MAKING FRIENDS IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TO TEENAGERS，AND
MANY SHY STUDENTS NEED THE 32 OF SOME KIND OF ORGANIZATION
WITH A SUPPORTIVE ADULT 33 VISIBLE IN THE BACKGROUND.
IN THESE ACTIVITIES，IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT
YOUNG TEENS HAVE 34 ATTENTION SPANS.A VARIETY OF ACTIVITIES
SHOULD BE ORGANIZED 35 PARTICIPANTS CAN REMAIN ACTIVE AS
LONG AS THEY WANT AND THEN GO ON TO 36 ELSE WITHOUT FEELING
GUILTY AND WITHOUT LETTING THE OTHER PARTICIPANTS 37.THIS
DOES NOT MEAN THAT ADULTS MUST ACCEPT IRRESPONSIBILITY.38，THEY
CAN HELP STUDENTS ACQUIRE A SENSE OF COMMITMENT BY 39 FOR
ROLES THAT ARE WITHIN THEIR 40 AND THEIR ATTENTION SPANS
AND BYSHAVINGSCLEARLY STATED RULES.
21.［A］THOUGHT［B］IDEA［C］OPINION［D］ADVICE
22.［A］STRENGTHEN［B］ACCOMMODATE［C］STIMULATE［D］ENHANCE
23.［A］CARE［B］NUTRITION［C］EXERCISE［D］LEISURE
24.［A］IF［B］ALTHOUGH［C］WHEREAS［D］BECAUSE
25.［A］ASSISTANCE［B］GUIDANCE［C］CONFIDENCE［D］TOLERANCE
26.［A］CLAIMED［B］ADMIRED［C］IGNORED［D］SURPASSED
27.［A］IMPROPER［B］RISKY［C］FAIR［D］WISE
28.［A］IN EFFECT［B］AS A RESULT［C］FOR EXAMPLE［D］IN A SENSE
29.［A］DISPLAYING［B］DESCRIBING［C］CREATING［D］EXCHANGING
30.［A］DURABLE［B］EXCESSIVE［C］SURPLUS［D］MULTIPLE
31.［A］GROUP［B］INDIVIDUAL［C］PERSONNEL［D］CORPORATION
32.［A］CONSENT［B］INSURANCE［C］ADMISSION［D］SECURITY
33.［A］PARTICULARLY［B］BARELY［C］DEFINITELY［D］RARELY
34.［A］SIMILAR［B］LONG［C］DIFFERENT［D］SHORT
35.［A］IF ONLY［B］NOW THAT［C］SO THAT［D］EVEN IF
36.［A］EVERYTHING［B］ANYTHING［C］NOTHING［D］SOMETHING
37.［A］OFF［B］DOWN［C］OUT［D］ALONE
38.［A］ON THE CONTRARY［B］ON THE AVERAGE［C］ON THE WHOLE［D］ON
THE OTHER HAND
39.［A］MAKING［B］STANDING［C］PLANNING［D］TAKING
40.［A］CAPABILITIES［B］RESPONSIBILITIES［C］PROFICIENCY［D］EFFICIENCY
SECTIONⅢREADING COMPREHENSION
PART A
DIRECTIONS：
READ THE FOLLOWING FOUR TEXTS.ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW
EACH TEXT BY CHOOSING A，B，C OR D.MARK YOUR ANSWERS ON ANSWER
SHEET 1.(40 POINTS)
TEXT 1
WILD BILL DONOVAN WOULD HAVE LOVED THE INTERNET.THE AMERICAN
SPYMASTER WHO BULIT THE OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES IN
WORLD WARⅡAND LATER LAID THE ROOTS FOR THE CIA WAS FASCINATED
WITH INFORMATION.DONOVAN BELIEVED IN USING WHATEVER TOOLS
CAME TO HAND IN THE "GREAT GAME"OF ESPIONAGE-SPYING
AS A "PROFESSION."THESE DAYS THE NET，WHICH HAS
ALREADY REMADE SUCH EVERYDAY PASTIMES AS BUYING BOOKS AND
SENDING MAIL，IS RESHAPING DONOVANS VOCATION AS WELL.
THE LATEST REVOLUTION ISNT SIMPLY A MATTER OF GENTLEMEN
READING OTHER GENTLEMENS EMAIL.THAT KIND OF ELECTRONIC
SPYING HAS BEEN GOING ON FOR DECADES.IN THE PAST THREE OR
FOUR YEARS，THE WORLD WIDE WEB HAS GIVEN BIRTH TO A WHOLE
INDUSTRY OF POINTANDCLICK SPYING.THE SPOOKS CALL IT "OPENSOURCE
INTELLIGENCE，"AND AS THE NET GROWS，IT IS BECOMING INCREASINGLY
INFLUENTIAL.IN 1995 THE CIA HELD A CONTEST TO SEE WHO COULD
COMPILE THE MOST DATA ABOUT BURUNDI.THE WINNER，BY A LARGE
MARGIN，WAS A TINY VIRGINIA COMPANY CALLED OPEN SOURCE SOLUTIONS，WHOSE
CLEAR ADVANTAGE WAS ITS MASTERY OF THE ELECTRONIC WORLD.
AMONG THE FIRMS MAKING THE BIGGEST SPLASH IN THIS NEW
WORLD IS STRAITFORD，INC.，A PRIVATE INTELLIGENCEANALYSIS
FIRM BASED IN AUSTIN，TEXAS.STRAITFORD MAKES MONEY BY SELLING
THE RESULTS OF SPYING(COVERING NATIONS FROM CHILE TO RUSSIA)
TO CORPORATIONS LIKE ENERGYSERVICES FIRM MCDERMOTT INTERNATIONAL.MANY
OF ITS PREDICTIONS ARE AVAILABLE ONLINE AT WWWSTRAITFORDCOM.
STRAITFORD PRESIDENT GEORGE FRIEDMAN SAYS HE SEES THE
ONLINE WORLD AS A KIND OF MUTUALLY REINFORCING TOOL FOR
BOTH INFORMATION COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION，A SPYMASTERS
DREAM.LAST WEEK HIS FIRM WAS BUSY VACUUMING UP DATA BITS
FROM THE FAR CORNERS OF THE WORLD AND PREDICTING A CRISIS
IN UKRAINE."AS SOON AS THAT REPORT RUNS，WELL SUDDENLY
GET 500 NEW INTERNET SIGNUPS FROM UKRAINE，"SAYS FRIEDMAN，A
FORMER POLITICAL SCIENCE PROFESSOR."AND WELL HEAR
BACK FROM SOME OF THEM."OPENSOURCE SPYING DOES HAVE
ITS RISKS，OF COURSE，SINCE IT CAN BE DIFFICULT TO TELL GOOD
INFORMATION FROM BAD.THATSSWHERESSTRAITFORD EARNS ITS KEEP.
FRIEDMAN RELIES ON A LEAN STAFF OF 20 IN AUSTIN.SEVERAL
OF HIS STAFF MEMBERS HAVE MILITARYINTELLIGENCE BACKGROUNDS.HE
SEES THE FIRMS OUTSIDER STATUS AS THE KEY TO ITS SUCCESS.STRAITFORDS
BRIEFS DONT SOUND LIKE THE USUAL WASHINGTON BACKANDFORTHING，WHEREBY
AGENCIES AVOID DRAMATIC DECLARATIONS ON THE CHANCE THEY
MIGHT BE WRONG.STRAITFORD，SAYS FRIEDMAN，TAKES PRIDE IN ITS
INDEPENDENT VOICE.
41.THE EMERGENCE OF THE NET HAS
［A］RECEIVED SUPPORT FROM FANS LIKE DONOVAN.
［B］REMOLDED THE INTELLIGENCE SERVICES.
［C］RESTORED MANY COMMON PASTIMES.
［D］REVIVED SPYING AS A PROFESSION.
42.DONOVANS STORY IS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT TO
［A］INTRODUCE THE TOPIC OF ONLINE SPYING.
［B］SHOW HOW HE FOUGHT FOR THE US.
［C］GIVE AN EPISODE OF THE INFORMATION WAR.
［D］HONOR HIS UNIQUE SERVICES TO THE CIA.
43.THE PHRASE "MAKING THE BIGGEST SPLASH"(LINE
1，PARAGRAPH 3) MOST PROBABLY MEANS
［A］CAUSING THE BIGGEST TROUBLE.
［B］EXERTING THE GREATEST EFFORT.
［C］ACHIEVING THE GREATEST SUCCESS.
［D］ENJOYING THE WIDEST POPULARITY.
44.IT CAN BE LEARNED FROM PARAGRAPH 4 THAT
［A］STRAITFORDS PREDICTION ABOUT UKRAINE HAS PROVED TRUE.
［B］STRAITFORD GUARANTEES THE TRUTHFULNESS OF ITS INFORMATION.
［C］STRAITFORDS BUSINESS IS CHARACTERIZED BY UNPREDICTABILITY.
［D］STRAITFORD IS ABLE TO PROVIDE FAIRLY RELIABLE INFORMATION.
45.STRAITFORD IS MOST PROUD OF ITS
［A］OFFICIAL STATUS.
［B］NONCONFORMIST IMAGE.
［C］EFFICIENT STAFF.
［D］MILITARY BACKGROUND.
TEXT 2
TO PARAPHRASE 18THCENTURY STATESMAN EDMUND BURKE，"ALL
THAT IS NEEDED FOR THE TRIUMPH OF A MISGUIDED CAUSE IS THAT
GOOD PEOPLE DO NOTHING."ONE SUCH CAUSE NOW SEEKS TO
END BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH BECAUSE OF THE THEORY THAT ANIMALS
HAVE RIGHTS RULING OUT THEIR USE IN RESEARCH.SCIENTISTS
NEED TO RESPOND FORCEFULLY TO ANIMAL RIGHTS ADVOCATES，WHOSE
ARGUMENTS ARE CONFUSING THE PUBLIC AND THEREBY THREATENING
ADVANCES IN HEALTH KNOWLEDGE AND CARE.LEADERS OF THE ANIMAL
RIGHTS MOVEMENT TARGET BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH BECAUSE IT DEPENDS
ON PUBLIC FUNDING，AND FEW PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS
OF HEALTH CARE RESEARCH.HEARING ALLEGATIONS OF CRUELTY TO
ANIMALS IN RESEARCH SETTINGS，MANY ARE PERPLEXED THAT ANYONE
WOULD DELIBERATELY HARM AN ANIMAL.
FOR EXAMPLE，A GRANDMOTHERLY WOMAN STAFFING AN ANIMAL
RIGHTS BOOTH AT A RECENT STREET FAIR WAS DISTRIBUTING A
BROCHURE THAT ENCOURAGED READERS NOT TO USE ANYTHING THAT
COMES FROM OR IS TESTED IN ANIMALS-NO MEAT，NO FUR，NO MEDICINES.ASKED
IF SHE OPPOSED IMMUNIZATIONS，SHE WANTED TO KNOW IF VACCINES
COME FROM ANIMAL RESEARCH.WHEN ASSURED THAT THEY DO，SHE
REPLIED，"THEN I WOULD HAVE TO SAY YES."ASKED WHAT
WILL HAPPEN WHEN EPIDEMICS RETURN，SHE SAID，"DONT WORRY，SCIENTISTS
WILL FIND SOME WAY OF USING COMPUTERS."SUCH WELLMEANING
PEOPLE JUST DONT UNERSTAND.
SCIENTISTS MUST COMMUNICATE THEIR MESSAGE TO THE PUBLIC
IN A COMPASSIONATE，UNDERSTANDABLE WAY-IN HUMAN TERMS，NOT
IN THE LANGUAGE OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY.WE NEED TO MAKE CLEAR
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ANIMAL RESEARCH AND A GRANDMOTHERS
HIP REPLACEMENT，A FATHERS BYPASS OPERATION，A BABYS VACCINATIONS，AND
EVEN A PETS SHOTS.TO THOSE WHO ARE UNAWARE THAT ANIMAL
RESEARCH WAS NEEDED TO PRODUCE THESE TREATMENTS，AS WELL
AS NEW TREATMENTS AND VACCINES，ANIMAL RESEARCH SEEMS WASTEFUL
AT BEST AND CRUEL AT WORST.
MUCH CAN BE DONE.SCIENTISTS COULD"ADOPT" MIDDLE
SCHOOL CLASSES AND PRESENT THEIR OWN RESEARCH.THEY SHOULD
BE QUICK TO RESPOND TO LETTERS TO THE EDITOR，LEST ANIMAL
RIGHTS MISINFORMATION GO UNCHALLENGED AND ACQUIRE A DECEPTIVE
APPEARANCE OF TRUTH.RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS COULD BE OPENED
TO TOURS，TO SHOW THAT LABORATORY ANIMALS RECEIVE HUMANE
CARE.FINALLY，BECAUSE THE ULTIMATE STAKEHOLDERS ARE PATIENTS，THE
HEALTH RESEARCH COMMUNITY SHOULD ACTIVELY RECRUIT TO ITS
CAUSE NOT ONLY WELLKNOWN PERSONALITIES SUCH AS STEPHEN
COOPER，WHO HAS MADE COURAGEOUS STATEMENTS ABOUT THE VALUE
OF ANIMAL RESEARCH，BUT ALL WHO RECEIVE MEDICAL TREATMENT.IF
GOOD PEOPLE DO NOTHING，THERE IS A REAL POSSIBILITY THAT
AN UNINFORMED CITIZENRY WILL EXTINGUISH THE PRECIOUS EMBERS
OF MEDICAL PROGRESS.
46.THE AUTHOR BEGINS HIS ARTICLE WITH EDMUND BURKES
WORDS TO
［A］CALL ON SCIENTISTS TO TAKE SOME ACTIONS.
［B］CRITICIZE THE MISGUIDED CAUSE OF ANIMAL RIGHTS.
［C］WARN OF THE DOOM OF BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH.
［D］SHOW THE TRIUMPH OF THE ANIMAL RIGHTS MOVEMENT.
47.MISLED PEOPLE TEND TO THINK THAT USING AN ANIMAL IN
RESEARCH IS
［A］CRUEL BUT NATURAL.
［B］INHUMAN AND UNACCEPTABLE.
［C］INEVITABLE BUT VICIOUS.
［D］POINTLESS AND WASTEFUL.
48.THE EXAMPLE OF THE GRANDMOTHERLY WOMAN IS USED TO
SHOW THE PUBLICS
［A］DISCONTENT WITH ANIMAL RESEARCH.
［B］IGNORANCE ABOUT MEDICAL SCIENCE.
［C］INDIFFERENCE TO EPIDEMICS.
［D］ANXIETY ABOUT ANIMAL RIGHTS.
49.THE AUTHOR BELIEVES THAT，IN FACE OF THE CHALLENGE
FROM ANIMAL RIGHTS ADVOCATES，SCIENTISTS SHOULD
［A］COMMUNICATE MORE WITH THE PUBLIC.
［B］EMPLOY HITECH MEANS IN RESEARCH.
［C］FEEL NO SHAME FOR THEIR CAUSE.
［D］STRIVE TO DEVELOP NEW CURES.
50.FROM THE TEXT WE LEARN THAT STEPHEN COOPER IS
［A］A WELLKNOWN HUMANIST.
［B］A MEDICAL PRACTITIONER.
［C］AN ENTHUSIAST IN ANIMAL RIGHTS.
［D］A SUPPORTER OF ANIMAL RESEARCH.
TEXT 3
IN RECENT YEARS，RAILROADS HAVE BEEN COMBINING WITH EACH
OTHER，MERGINGSINTOSSUPERSYSTEMS，CAUSING HEIGHTENED CONCERNS
ABOUT MONOPOLY.AS RECENTLY AS 1995，THE TOP FOUR RAILROADS
ACCOUNTED FOR UNDER 70 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL TONMILES MOVED
BY RAILS.NEXT YEAR，AFTER A SERIES OF MERGERS IS COMPLETED，JUST
FOUR RAILROADS WILL CONTROL WELL OVER 90 PERCENT OF ALL
THE FREIGHT MOVED BY MAJOR RAIL CARRIERS.
SUPPORTERS OF THE NEW SUPERSYSTEMS ARGUE THAT THESE MERGERS
WILL ALLOW FOR SUBSTANTIAL COST REDUCTIONS AND BETTER COORDINATED
SERVICE.ANY THREAT OF MONOPOLY，THEY ARGUE，IS REMOVED BY
FIERCE COMPETITION FROM TRUCKS.BUT MANY SHIPPERS COMPLAIN
THAT FOR HEAVY BULK COMMODITIES TRAVELING LONG DISTANCES，SUCH
AS COAL，CHEMICALS，AND GRAIN，TRUCKING IS TOO COSTLY AND THE
RAILROADS THEREFORE HAVE THEM BY THE THROAT.
THE VAST CONSOLIDATION WITHIN THE RAIL INDUSTRY MEANS
THAT MOST SHIPPERS ARE SERVED BY ONLY ONE RAIL COMPANY.RAILROADS
TYPICALLY CHARGE SUCH"CAPTIVE" SHIPPERS 20 TO
30 PERCENT MORE THAN THEY DO WHEN ANOTHER RAILROAD IS COMPETING
FOR THE BUSINESS.SHIPPERS WHO FEEL THEY ARE BEING OVERCHARGED
HAVE THE RIGHT TO APPEAL TO THE FEDERAL GOVERMMENTS SURFACE
TRANSPORTATION BOARD FOR RATE RELIEF，BUT THE PROCESS IS
EXPENSIVE，TIME CONSUMING，AND WILL WORK ONLY IN TRULY EXTREME
CASES.
RAILROADS JUSTIFY RATE DISCRIMINATION AGAINST CAPTIVE
SHIPPERS ON THE GROUNDS THAT IN THE LONG RUN IT REDUCES
EVERYONES COST.IF RAILROADS CHARGED ALL CUSTOMERS THE SAME
AVERAGE RATE，THEY ARGUE，SHIPPERS WHO HAVE THE OPTION OF
SWITCHING TO TRUCKS OR OTHER FORMS OF TRANSPORTATION WOULD
DO SO，LEAVING REMAINING CUSTOMERS TO SHOULDER THE COST OF
KEEPING UP THE LINE.ITS A THEORY TO WHICH MANY ECONOMISTS
SUBSCRIBE，BUT IN PRACTICE IT OFTEN LEAVES RAILROADS IN THE
POSITION OF DETERMINING WHICH COMPANIES WILL FLOURISH AND
WHICH WILL FAIL."DO WE REALLY WANT RAILROADS TO BE
THE ARBITERS OF WHO WINS AND WHO LOSES IN THE MARKETPLACE？"ASKS
MARTIN BERCOVICI，A WASHINGTON LAWYER WHO FREQUENTLY REPRESENTS
SHIPPERS.
MANY CAPTIVE SHIPPERS ALSO WORRY THEY WILL SOON BE HIT
WITH A ROUND OF HUGE RATE INCREASES.THE RAILROAD INDUSTRY
AS A WHOLE，DESPITE ITS BRIGHTENING FORTUNES，STILL DOES NOT
EARN ENOUGH TO COVER THE COST OF THE CAPITAL IT MUST INVEST
TO KEEP UP WITH ITS SURGING TRAFFIC.YET RAILROADS CONTINUE
TO BORROW BILLIONS TO ACQUIRE ONE ANOTHER，WITH WALL STREET
CHEERING THEM ON.CONSIDER THE S｜102 BILLION BID BY NORFOLK
SOUTHERN AND CSX TO ACQUIRE CONRAIL THIS YEAR.CONRAILS
NET RAILWAY OPERATING INCOME IN 1996 WAS JUST S｜427 MILLION，LESS
THAN HALF OF THE CARRYING COSTS OF THE TRANSACTION.WHOS
GOING TO PAY FOR THE REST OF THE BILL？MANY CAPTIVE SHIPPERS
FEAR THAT THEY WILL，AS NORFOLK SOUTHERN AND CSX INCREASE
THEIR GRIP ON THE MARKET.
51.ACCORDING TO THOSE WHO SUPPORT MERGERS，RAILWAY MONOPOLY
IS UNLIKELY BECAUSE
［A］COST REDUCTION IS BASED ON COMPETITION.
［B］SERVICES CALL FOR CROSSTRADE COORDINATION.
［C］OUTSIDE COMPETITORS WILL CONTINUE TO EXIST.
［D］SHIPPERS WILL HAVE THE RAILWAY BY THE THROAT.
52.WHAT IS MANY CAPTIVE SHIPPERSATTITUDE TOWARDS THE
CONSOLIDATION IN THE RAIL INDUSTRY？
［A］INDIFFERENT.
［B］SUPPORTIVE.
［C］INDIGNANT.
［D］APPREHENSIVE.
53.IT CAN BE INFERRED FROM PARAGRAPH 3 THAT
［A］SHIPPERS WILL BE CHARGED LESS WITHOUT A RIVAL RAILROAD.
［B］THERE WILL SOON BE ONLY ONE RAILROAD COMPANY NATIONWIDE.
［C］OVERCHARGED SHIPPERS ARE UNLIKELY TO APPEAL FOR RATE
RELIEF.
［D］A GOVERNMENT BOARD ENSURES FAIR PLAY IN RAILWAY BUSINESS.
54.THE WORD"ARBITERS"(LINE 6，PARAGRAPH 4)MOST
PROBABLY REFERS TO THOSE
［A］WHO WORK AS COORDINATORS.
［B］WHO FUNCTION AS JUDGES.
［C］WHO SUPERVISE TRANSACTIONS.
［D］WHO DETERMINE THE PRICE.
55.ACCORDING TO THE TEXT，THE COST INCREASE IN THE RAIL
INDUSTRY IS MAINLY CAUSED BY
［A］THE CONTINUING ACQUISITION.
［B］THE GROWING TRAFFIC.
［C］THE CHEERING WALL STREET.
［D］THE SHRINKING MARKET.
TEXT 4
IT IS SAID THAT IN ENGLAND DEATH IS PRESSING，IN CANADA
INEVITABLE AND IN CALIFORNIA OPTIONAL.SMALL WONDER.AMERICANSLIFE
EXPECTANCY HAS NEARLY DOUBLED OVER THE PAST CENTURY.FAILING
HIPS CAN BE REPLACED，CLINICAL DEPRESSION CONTROLLED，CATARACTS
REMOVED IN A 30MINUTE SURGICAL PROCEDURE.SUCH ADVANCES
OFFER THE AGING POPULATION A QUALITY OF LIFE THAT WAS UNIMAGINABLE
WHEN I ENTERED MEDICINE 50 YEARS AGO.BUT NOT EVEN A GREAT
HEALTHCARE SYSTEM CAN CURE DEATH-AND OUR FAILURE TO CONFRONT
THAT REALITY NOW THREATENS THIS GREATNESS OF OURS.
DEATH IS NORMAL；WE ARE GENETICALLY PROGRAMMED TO DISINTEGRATE
AND PERISH，EVEN UNDER IDEAL CONDITIONS.WE ALL UNDERSTAND
THAT AT SOME LEVEL，YET AS MEDICAL CONSUMERS WE TREAT DEATH
AS A PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED.SHIELDED BY THIRDPARTY PAYERS
FROM THE COST OF OUR CARE，WE DEMAND EVERYTHING THAT CAN
POSSIBLY BE DONE FOR US，EVEN IF ITS USELESS.THE MOST OBVIOUS
EXAMPLE IS LATESTAGE CANCER CARE.PHYSICIANS-FRUSTRATED
BY THEIR INABILITY TO CURE THE DISEASE AND FEARING LOSS
OF HOPE IN THE PATIENT-TOO OFTEN OFFER AGGRESSIVE TREATMENT
FAR BEYOND WHAT IS SCIENTIFICALLY JUSTIFIED.
IN 1950，THE U.S.SPENT S｜127 BILLION ON HEALTH CARE.IN
2002，THE COST WILL BE S｜1，540 BILLION.ANYONE CAN SEE THIS
TREND IS UNSUSTAINABLE.YET FEW SEEM WILLING TO TRY TO REVERSE
IT.SOME SCHOLARS CONCLUDE THAT A GOVERNMENT WITH FINITE
RESOURCES SHOULD SIMPLY STOP PAYING FOR MEDICAL CARE THAT
SUSTAINS LIFE BEYOND A CERTAIN AGE-SAY 83 OR SO.FORMER COLORADO
GOVERNOR RICHARD LAMM HAS BEEN QUOTED AS SAYING THAT THE
OLD AND INFIRM "HAVE A DUTY TO DIE AND GET OUT OF THE
WAY" SO THAT YOUNGER，HEALTHIER PEOPLE CAN REALIZE THEIR
POTENTIAL.
I WOULD NOT GO THAT FAR.ENERGETIC PEOPLE NOW ROUTINELY
WORK THROUGH THEIR 60S AND BEYOND，AND REMAIN DAZZLINGLY
PRODUCTIVE.AT 78，VIACOM CHAIRMAN SUMNER REDSTONE JOKINGLY
CLAIMS TO BE 53.SUPREME COURT JUSTICE SANDRA DAY OCONNOR
IS IN HER 70S，AND FORMER SURGEON GENERAL C.EVERETT KOOP
CHAIRS AN INTERNET STARTUP IN HIS 80S.THESE LEADERS ARE
LIVING PROOF THAT PREVENTION WORKS AND THAT WE CAN MANAGE
THE HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT COME NATURALLY WITH AGE.AS A MERE
68YEAROLD，I WISH TO AGE AS PRODUCTIVELY AS THEY HAVE.
YET THERE ARE LIMITS TO WHAT A SOCIETY CAN SPEND IN THIS
PURSUIT.AS A PHYSICIAN，I KNOW THE MOST COSTLY AND DRAMATIC
MEASURES MAY BE INEFFECTIVE AND PAINFUL.I ALSO KNOW THAT
PEOPLE IN JAPAN AND SWEDEN，COUNTRIES THAT SPEND FAR LESS
ON MEDICAL CARE，HAVE ACHIEVED LONGER，HEALTHIER LIVES THAN
WE HAVE.AS A NATION，WE MAY BE OVERFUNDING THE QUEST FOR
UNLIKELY CURES WHILE UNDERFUNDING RESEARCH ON HUMBLER THERAPIES
THAT COULD IMPROVE PEOPLES LIVES.
56.WHAT IS IMPLIED IN THE FIRST SENTENCE？
［A］AMERICANS ARE BETTER PREPARED FOR DEATH THAN OTHER
PEOPLE.
［B］AMERICANS ENJOY A HIGHER LIFE QUALITY THAN EVER BEFORE.
［C］AMERICANS ARE OVERCONFIDENT OF THEIR MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY.
［D］AMERICANS TAKE A VAIN PRIDE IN THEIR LONG LIFE EXPECTANCY.
57.THE AUTHOR USES THE EXAMPLE OF CANCER PATIENTS TO
SHOW THAT
［A］MEDICAL RESOURCES ARE OFTEN WASTED.
［B］DOCTORS ARE HELPLESS AGAINST FATAL DISEASES.
［C］SOME TREATMENTS ARE TOO AGGRESSIVE.
［D］MEDICAL COSTS ARE BECOMING UNAFFORDABLE.
58.THE AUTHORS ATTITUDE TOWARD RICHARD LAMMS REMARK
IS ONE OF
［A］STRONG DISAPPROVAL.
［B］RESERVED CONSENT.
［C］SLIGHT CONTEMPT.
［D］ENTHUSIASTIC SUPPORT.
59.IN CONTRAST TO THE U.S.，JAPAN AND SWEDEN ARE FUNDING
THEIR MEDICAL CARE
［A］MORE FLEXIBLY.
［B］MORE EXTRAVAGANTLY.
［C］MORE CAUTIOUSLY.
［D］MORE REASONABLY.
60.THE TEXT INTENDS TO EXPRESS THE IDEA THAT
［A］MEDICINE WILL FURTHER PROLONG PEOPLES LIVES.
［B］LIFE BEYOND A CERTAIN LIMIT IS NOT WORTH LIVING.
［C］DEATH SHOULD BE ACCEPTED AS A FACT OF LIFE.
［D］EXCESSIVE DEMANDS INCREASE THE COST OF HEALTH CARE.
PART B
DIRECTIONS：
READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT CAREFULLY AND THEN TRANSLATE
THE UNDERLINED SEGMENTSSINTOSCHINESE.YOUR TRANSLATION SHOULD
BE WRITTEN CLEARLY ON ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 POINTS)
HUMAN BEINGS IN ALL TIMES AND PLACES THINK ABOUT THEIR
WORLD AND WONDER AT THEIR PLACE IN IT.HUMANS ARE THOUGHTFUL
AND CREATIVE，POSSESSED OF INSATIABLE CURIOSITY.(61)FURTHERMORE，HUMANS
HAVE THE ABILITY TO MODIFY THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THEY
LIVE，THUS SUBJECTING ALL OTHER LIFE FORMS TO THEIR OWN PECULIAR
IDEAS AND FANCIES.THEREFORE，IT IS IMPORTANT TO STUDY HUMANS
IN ALL THEIR RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY IN A CALM AND SYSTEMATIC
MANNER，WITH THE HOPE THAT THE KNOWLEDGE RESULTING FROM SUCH
STUDIES CAN LEAD HUMANS TO A MORE HARMONIOUS WAY OF LIVING
WITH THEMSELVES AND WITH ALL OTHER LIFE FORMS ON THIS PLANET
EARTH.
"ANTHROPOLOGY"DERIVES FROM THE GREEK WORDS
ANTHROPOS "HUMAN" AND LOGOS "THE STUDY OF."BY
ITS VERY NAME，ANTHROPOLOGY ENCOMPASSES THE STUDY OF ALL
HUMANKIND.
ANTHROPOLOGY IS ONE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES.(62)SOCIAL
SCIENCE IS THAT BRANCH OF INTELLECTUAL ENQUIRY WHICH SEEKS
TO STUDY HUMANS AND THEIR ENDEAVORS IN THE SAME REASONED，ORDERLY，SYSTEMATIC，AND
DISPASSIONED MANNER THAT NATURAL SCIENTISTS USE FOR THE
STUDY OF NATURAL PHENOMENA.
SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES INCLUDE GEOGRAPHY，ECONOMICS，POLITICAL
SCIENCE，PSYCHOLOGY，AND SOCIOLOGY.EACH OF THESE SOCIAL SCIENCES
HAS A SUBFIELD OR SPECIALIZATION WHICH LIES PARTICULARLY
CLOSE TO ANTHROPOLOGY.
ALL THE SOCIAL SCIENCES FOCUS UPON THE STUDY OF HUMANITY.ANTHROPOLOGY
IS A FIELDSTUDY ORIENTED DISCIPLINE WHICH MAKES EXTENSIVE
USE OF THE COMPARATIVE METHOD IN ANALYSIS.(63)THE EMPHASIS
ON DATA GATHERED FIRSTHAND，COMBINED WITH A CROSSCULTURAL
PERSPECTIVE BROUGHT TO THE ANALYSIS OF CULTURES PAST AND
PRESENT，MAKES THIS STUDY A UNIQUE AND DISTINCTLY IMPORTANT
SOCIAL SCIENCE.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSES REST HEAVILY UPON THE CONCEPT
OF CULTURE.SIR EDWARD TYLORS FORMULATION OF THE CONCEPT
OF CULTURE WAS ONE OF THE GREAT INTELLECTUAL ACHIEVEMENTS
OF 19TH CENTURY SCIENCE.(64)TYLOR DEFINED CULTURE AS"…THAT
COMPLEX WHOLE WHICH INCLUDES BELIEF，ART，MORALS，LAW，CUSTOM，AND
ANY OTHER CAPABILITIES AND HABITS ACQUIRED BY MAN AS A MEMBER
OF SOCIETY."THIS INSIGHT，SO PROFOUND IN ITS SIMPLICITY，OPENED
UP AN ENTIRELY NEW WAY OF PERCEIVING AND UNDERSTANDING HUMAN
LIFE.IMPLICIT WITHIN TYLORS DEFINITION IS THE CONCEPT THAT
CULTURE IS LEARNED，SHARED，AND PATTERNED BEHAVIOR.
(65)THUS，THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF "CULTURE，"LIKE
THE CONCEPT OF "SET" IN MATHEMATICS，IS AN ABSTRACT
CONCEPT WHICH MAKES POSSIBLE IMMENSE AMOUNTS OF CONCRETE
RESEARCH AND UNDERSTANDING.SECTIONⅣWRITING
66.DIRECTIONS：
STUDY THE FOLLOWING SET OF DRAWINGS CAREFULLY AND WRITE
AN ESSAY IN WHICH YOU SHOULD
1)DESCRIBE THE SET OF DRAWINGS，INTERPRET ITS MEANING，AND
2)POINT OUT ITS IMPLICATIONS IN OUR LIFE.
YOU SHOULD WRITE ABOUT 200 WORDS NEATLY ON ANSWER SHEET
2.(20 POINTS)
|
